The Farewell Sermon, delivered by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) during his last pilgrimage to Mecca in 632 CE, stands as one of the most important and enduring messages in Islamic history. This sermon, given on the 9th day of Dhul-Hijjah, in the plain of Arafat, encapsulates the core principles of Islam and serves as a guiding light for Muslims. It is a powerful testament to the Prophet’s enduring wisdom, compassion, and vision for humanity.
Historical Context
In the tenth year of the Hijrah, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) set out on what would be his final pilgrimage, known as the Hajj. Accompanied by tens of thousands of Muslims, this pilgrimage was not only a religious journey but also an opportunity for the Prophet to impart his final teachings to the Ummah (Muslim community). As he stood on Mount Arafat, the Prophet addressed the assembled crowd, delivering a sermon that would resonate through the ages.
Key Themes and Messages
The Farewell Sermon covers several fundamental aspects of Islamic teachings, emphasizing the importance of equality, justice, and moral conduct. Here are some of the key themes:
- Sanctity of Life and Property: “O people, just as you regard this month, this day, this city as sacred, so regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust. Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners.”The Prophet underscored the sanctity of human life and property, calling for respect and fairness in all dealings. This message emphasizes the importance of justice and the protection of individual rights.
- Equality and Brotherhood: “All mankind is from Adam and Eve. An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab; a white has no superiority over a black, nor does a black have any superiority over a white; none have superiority over another except by piety and good action.”This powerful declaration of equality transcends racial, ethnic, and social distinctions, promoting a universal sense of brotherhood and unity among all humans. It underscores the principle that the only criterion for superiority is one’s piety and ethical behavior.
- Women’s Rights: “O people, it is true that you have certain rights with regard to your women, but they also have rights over you. Treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers.”The Prophet highlighted the rights and dignities of women, advocating for their fair treatment and respect. This was a groundbreaking assertion in a time and culture where women’s rights were often neglected.
- Abolition of Usury (Riba): “Allah has forbidden you to take usury (interest); therefore all interest obligation shall henceforth be waived.”By abolishing usury, the Prophet aimed to establish economic justice and fairness, preventing exploitation and promoting equitable financial practices.
- Adherence to the Quran and Sunnah: “I leave behind me two things, the Quran and my example, the Sunnah, and if you follow these you will never go astray.”The Prophet emphasized the importance of adhering to the Quran and his teachings as the primary sources of guidance for Muslims. This directive serves as a cornerstone for Islamic jurisprudence and ethical conduct.
- Accountability and Responsibility: “Beware of Shaytan (Satan), for the safety of your religion. He has lost all hope that he will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him in small things.”The Prophet reminded the Ummah of their accountability to Allah and the importance of being vigilant against the subtle influences of wrongdoing. This call to moral responsibility remains relevant in guiding personal and communal behavior.
The Impact and Legacy
The Farewell Sermon is a comprehensive summary of Islamic teachings and the Prophet’s vision for an ethical and just society. Its messages of equality, justice, and compassion continue to inspire Muslims and non-Muslims alike. The sermon has been widely studied, quoted, and revered throughout Islamic history, serving as a foundational text for Islamic ethics and law.
In modern times, the principles outlined in the Farewell Sermon resonate with global values of human rights, social justice, and interfaith harmony. The Prophet’s call for equality and his emphasis on the sanctity of life and property align with contemporary efforts to promote universal human dignity and justice.
Conclusion
The Farewell Sermon of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) remains a timeless and universal message of hope, justice, and compassion. It encapsulates the essence of Islamic teachings and serves as a moral compass for the Muslim community. By adhering to the principles laid out in this sermon, Muslims can strive to create a just and equitable society, reflecting the true spirit of Islam.
